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夫妻财产约定的理解与分析/刘成江

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-09 17:49:59  浏览:8593   来源:法律资料网
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夫妻财产约定的理解与分析

刘成江


  在中国的传统理念中,夫妻就是一家人, 财产共享,不分你我,但是随着市场经济的发展、国外关于夫妻财产理念的“进口”及对婚姻不安全感的增强,夫妻为避免婚姻过程中或者离婚过程中产生财产纠纷,夫妻进行财产约定的越来越多。那么,在离婚诉讼中,夫妻财产约定的法律效力如何呢?请看下面的案例:赵某(男)和文某(女)是小学时期的同学,双方多年无联系,各自读完大学,各自生活。一个偶然的机会,二人在网上相逢,从此二人网络联系,不久,赵某向文某表达了爱慕之情,文某也感动于赵某的表白,随即确定了恋爱关系。不久,文某不顾家人的反对,与赵某结为连理。二人开始感情尚可,贷款购买了房屋,双方都有稳定的收入,不久也全部还完了,文某又怀孕了,至孩子出生,一家三口的小日子应该是富富裕裕。但天有不测风云,因工作原因,婚后长期分居,且二人学习工作经历不同,性格各异,及至工作调到一起,二人也没有磨合好共同生活的细节,最终发展至感情出现危机。在文某怀孕期间,二人发生争吵,后赵某为了向文某表示其对文某的感情,主动写了夫妻财产约定,把双方婚后共同购买的房屋约定给文某一人所有。之后二人好景不长,在文某生下女儿未满月时,又因赵某的性格发生争吵,文某一气之下起诉要求离婚,又是在赵某决定改正的情况下,也同意文某的修改夫妻财产约定,同意将房屋的25%产权归赵某所有,文某占房屋的75%的产权。但半年后,文某觉得赵某仍然没有悔改,即在半年后再次起诉离婚,并要求按夫妻财产约定进行财产分配。赵某在庭审中称,该夫妻财产约定不公平,应当对半分割。法院经审理认为,该夫妻财产约定有效,按该约定由文某支付给赵某房屋折价款。
  本案有两个关键点,一是夫妻感情是否破裂,二是夫妻财产约定是否有效。对于第一点,本案的当事人因均同意离婚,不是本案争议焦点,夫妻财产约定,才是本案的争议焦点。我国《婚姻法》明确规定,夫妻可以约定婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产以及婚前财产归各自所有、共同所有或部分各自所有、部分共同所有。所以,本案中,赵某和文某的夫齐女士:我和丈夫结婚后购买了一处房产,以我的名义登记产权。因为丈夫经常出去赌博,我怕他把家都赔了,所以想做一份夫妻财产约定公证,约定房产归我所有,各自名下的财产归各自所有,各自所负债务由各自负责,听说该协议不能对抗善意第三人,那么该协议到底有什么样的法律效力?
  1、夫妻可以约定排除共同财产的适用。夫妻财产约定是指夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产和婚前财产的所有权另行作出约定。夫妻财产约定排除法定财产制的共同财产和个人财产规定的适用。允许夫妻对财产另行约定是适应夫妻关系的财产状况所作出的规定。改革开放以后,拥有大量个人财产的夫妻为数不少。他们对于婚前财产的归属、管理、用益等方面往往有些特殊需要。确立夫妻约定财产制是适应中老年人再婚的需要。中老年人再婚时的夫妻财产关系、抚养关系和赡养关系等方面往往具有一定的特殊性,需要以夫妻约定财产制加以规定。确立夫妻约定制也是适应离婚率增高情况下保护配偶一方合法权益的需要。目前我国的离婚率仍有逐渐增高的趋势。婚前财产虽然不会转化为共同财产,但财产的孳息依据法定共同财产制作为婚姻关系存续期间的所得归夫妻共同所有,双方的家长为保护自己子女的财产所有权不受离婚的影响,也为了防止骗婚的发生,需要根据当时的实际情况对于婚前的财产和婚后所得财产作出约定。
  2、夫妻财产制约定的对象。按照本条规定,夫妻约定财产制的对象,既包括夫或妻一方的婚前个人财产,也包括夫妻双方在婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产。法律之所以作出这种规定,是因为夫妻双方作为共同生活的当事人,有权根据自己的意愿依法对其婚前个人财产和婚姻关系存续期间所得财产进行处分,从而实现其财产利益。
  3、夫妻约定财产制的约定方式。夫妻约定财产制的约定方式,只能采用书面形式。这一法律规定的原因在于,夫妻财产制的约定不仅涉及到夫妻双方的重大财产利益和婚姻家庭生活的物质保障,而且还影响到第三人的财产利益,所以,法律要求夫妻约定财产制的约定方式采用书面形式,以利于准确地表达夫妻双方关于约定财产制的真实意思表尔,防止发生财产纠纷,有效地保护第三人的合法债权。
  4、夫妻约定财产制的约定内容。依据本条规定,约定的内容包括两个方面:(1)夫妻可以约定,一方或双方的婚前个人财产归夫妻共同所有,或部分共同所有、部分各自所有。(2)夫妻可以约定婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产归夫妻双方共同所有,或者归各自所有,或者部分共同所有、部分各自所有。
  5、夫妻约定财产制的效力。夫妻之间依法达成的有关夫妻财产制的约定,对双方当事人均具有约束力。这种约束力体现在:(1)依法达成的夫妻约定财产制的协议,非经双方同意,任何一方不得擅自修改。(2)夫妻约定财产制的协议,双方均应认真遵守,如约履行。(3)夫妻离婚时,对夫妻共同财产的认定和分割发生争议的,如果有夫妻约定财产制的协议,应当按照协议的约定内容加以处理。
  6、夫妻约定财产制对第三人利益的影响。夫妻在共同生活过程中,难免会与第三人发生债权债务关系。为了维护交易的安全,防止婚姻当事人利用夫妻约定财产制规避法律和损害第三人的合法利益,本条法律特别规定,夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间财产约定归各自所有的,夫或妻一方对外所负的债务,第三人知道该约定的,以夫或妻一方的财产清偿
  7、夫妻财产约定生效后会产生对内和对外两种效力。对内效力:夫妻财产协议一旦生效,在夫妻之间及其继承人之间发生财产约定的物权效力,婚姻当事人双方均受此约定约束。夫妻双方都必须依约行使权利、履行义务,不得擅自变更和解除合同。对外效力:我国《婚姻法》第十九条规定:“夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产约定归各自所有的,夫或妻一方对外所负的债务,第三人知道该约定的,以夫或妻一方所有的财产清偿”。因此,在夫妻财产约定中,凡第三人事先知道该夫妻财产约定的,具有对抗第三人的效力;反之,第三人不知道该夫妻财产约定的,该财产约定不能对抗第三人。夫妻任何一方不得以债务不是自己欠的、夫妻之间有财产约定为由不承担该债务,夫妻中未借贷一方只要不能证明作为债权人的第三人知道该财产约定的,均必须以夫妻共同财产或个人财产先行清偿,清偿后,夫妻中不负债的一方再向另一方追偿。值得提醒注意的是:夫妻财产约定的前提必须是合法有效的婚姻,如果双方还没登记结婚或者婚姻关系被确认无效,这种财产约定不产生法律效力;根据我国《婚姻法》的规定,夫妻财产约定应采用书面形式,如采用口头形式及其他形式均不具有法律效力。
  夫妻财产约定是有效的,在离婚诉讼中,也一般为法院所采信。


北安市人民法院  刘成江
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关于印发《扬州市市区低收入家庭购买住房政策性补贴办法》的通知

江苏省扬州市人民政府


扬府发〔2006〕128号



关于印发《扬州市市区低收入家庭购买住房政策性补贴办法》的通知

各县(市、区)人民政府,市各委、办、局(公司),市各直属单位:
《扬州市市区低收入家庭购买住房政策性补贴办法》已经市政府第38次常务会议讨论通过,现印发给你们,请认真遵照执行。



二○○六年八月四日



扬州市市区低收入家庭购买住房
政策性补贴办法

第一章 总则

第一条 为加快经济适用住房从实物供应向货币化补贴转变的步伐,支持低收入家庭购买住房,根据市区实际情况,制定本办法。
第二条 符合条件的市区居民家庭在购买住房时申请政策性补贴,适用本办法。
第三条 扬州市房产管理局(以下简称市房管局)是扬州市市区低收入家庭购买住房政策性补贴的行政主管部门,负责市区低收入家庭购买住房政策性补贴的管理工作。
市财政、公安、民政等部门和各区政府、街道、社区应根据各自职责,共同做好住房政策性补贴的工作。
第四条 按照“总量控制、严格审核、阳光操作、买房给补贴、当年结清”的原则,由市财政每年安排部分财政专项资金,为当年购买住房的低收入家庭提供政策性补贴。

第二章 申请条件

第五条 市区居民家庭在2006年1月1日后购买市区“二手房”或新建普通商品住房时,可申请政策性补贴。申请政策性补贴应同时具备以下条件:
(一)申请人具有市区常住户口,并在市区居住10年以上。
(二)人均住房使用面积(包括租住公房、私有住房)在12平方米以下。
(三)上年度家庭人均月收入在600元以下。
第六条 凡家庭成员有一人购买或享受过房改房、安居工程房、经济适用住房、解危解困住房、集资合作建房、定销房和一次性住房补贴的居民家庭,不得申请政策性补贴。

第三章 补贴标准

第七条 符合条件的家庭购买住房政策性补贴标准为建筑面积每平方米补贴450元,补贴面积为建筑面积75平方米。
补贴对象实际购房面积低于补贴面积标准的,按实际购房面积计算补贴款;实际购房面积标准高于补贴面积标准的,按补贴面积标准计算补贴款。

第四章 审核确认

第八条 低收入家庭购买住房申请政策性补贴时需确定一人为申请人,由申请人向户口所在地社区提出申请,如实填写《扬州市市区低收入家庭购买住房政策性补贴申请审批表》,并提交以下材料:
(一)家庭户口簿(夫妇户口异地的还需提交结婚证);
(二)夫妇双方身份证;
(三)申请人及家庭成员住房及在户口簿、身份证等有关证件所记载的相关住所的房屋产权(或使用权)证明;
(四)夫妇双方及未婚子女单位(或街办)出具的原住房情况及年收入证明(民政和工会核发的低保证和特困职工家庭证可作为年收入证明)。
各社区进行初审后报所属街道办,由街道办汇总后报各区建设部门。
第九条 各区建设部门对申请人提供的材料进行复核,将符合条件的家庭的人口、收入、住房状况等内容在各社区予以公示,公示期为10日,公示无异议的汇总报市房管局。
第十条 市房管局将各社区公示无异议的申请家庭在新闻媒体进行公示,公示期为10日,如购房申请人超过政府规定的限额则采取公开摇号的方式确定申请人名单。
第十一条 对当年符合条件未能领取购房补贴的家庭实行轮候制,下年度优先安排。
第十二条 市房管局对已确认实行购房补贴的家庭发放《扬州市区低收入家庭购买住房政策性补贴凭证》(以下简称《补贴凭证》)。

第五章 补贴发放

第十三条 购房补贴申请人凭《补贴凭证》、房屋所有权证或购房协议、缴纳契税凭证、身份证到市房管局领取补贴。
第十四条 市房管局按照本办法第七条 规定的标准核算、发放购买住房政策性补贴,并在所购房屋的所有权证上加注“政策性购房补贴”印记,该处房产5年内不得上市交易,否则,必须如数退还原政策性补贴。

第六章 资金来源

第十五条 政策性补贴资金来源:每年从土地出让金、公积金增值、政府性规费中提取一部分;财政安排一部分。

第七章 监督管理

第十六条 对违反规定实施政策性补贴的行为,任何单位和个人均有权向有关部门举报。
第十七条 政策性补贴资金来源实行专户管理,由市财政局、房管局建立“低收入家庭购买住房补贴基金”专户,监察、财政、审计部门进行监督检查。
第十八条 财政、监察部门应当加强对补贴实施情况的监督检查,对弄虚作假,骗取补贴的,除追回补贴款外,可按规定给予直接责任人行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

第八章 附则

第十九条 本办法自发布之日起施行。




中华人民共和国海关总署关于外国驻中国使馆和使馆人员进出境物品的规定(附英文)

海关总署


中华人民共和国海关总署关于外国驻中国使馆和使馆人员进出境物品的规定(附英文)

(一九八六年十月三十一日国务院批准)

第一条 根据《中华人民共和国外交特权与豁免条例》,制定本规定。
第二条 外国驻中国使馆(以下简称使馆)运进运出公务用品,使馆人员运进运出自用物品,除有双边协议按协议执行外,应当按照本规定办理。前款中,“公务用品”系指使馆执行职务直接需用的物品,包括家具、陈设品、办公用品、招待用品和机动车辆等;“自用物品”系指使馆人员和与其共同生活的配偶及未成年子女在中国居留期间直接需用的生活用品,包括家具、家用电器和机动车辆等。
第三条 使馆运进运出公务用品,外交代表以托运或者邮寄方式运进运出自用物品,应当书面向海关申报。外交代表进出境时有随身携带的或者附载于同一运输工具上的私人行李物品,应当口头向海关申报,海关予以免验放行。但具有重大理由推定其中装有非公务用品、非自用物品,或者装有中国法律和规章禁止进出口的物品时,海关有权查验。查验时,必须有外交代表或者其授权人员在场。
第四条 使馆申报运进的公务用品和外交代表申报运进的自用物品,经海关审核在直接需用数量范围内的,予以免税。申报运出公务用品和自用物品,由海关审核后予以放行。
第五条 使馆和使馆人员不得携运中华人民共和国法律和规章禁止进出口的物品进出境。因特殊情况需要运进运出上述物品,必须事先得到中国政府有关部门的批准,并按中国政府有关规定办理。运进无线电收发信机及其器材,必须事先以书面申请报经中国外交部批准。使馆和使馆人员应当向海关申报并提供有关批准文件,海关予以审核放行。携运文物出境,必须事先向海关申报,经国家文化行政管理部门指定的省、自治区、直辖市文化行政管理部门鉴定,并发给许可出境凭证。使馆和使馆人员应当向海关提供有关凭证,海关予以审核放行。携运枪支、子弹进出境,按照《中华人民共和国枪支管理办法》的规定办理。携运属于中国检疫法规规定管制的物品进出境,海关按有关法规办理。
第六条 使馆和使馆人员申报属于中国法律和规章禁止进出口的物品,除经中国政府有关部门批准的以外,海关予以扣留,有关使馆或者使馆人员应当在九十天内退运。逾期未退运的,由海关变价上缴国库。
第七条 使馆和使馆人员免税运进的物品,不得转让。确有特殊原因需要转让的,必须报经海关批准。经批准转让的物品,应当由受让人或者出让人按规定向海关办理纳税或者免税手续。
第八条 使馆发送或者收受的外交邮袋,海关予以免验放行。外交邮袋应予加封,附有可资识别的外部标记,并以装载外交文件或者公务用品为限。外交邮袋由外交信使转递时,必须持有派遣国主管机关出具的信使证明书。商业飞机机长可以受委托为使馆转递外交邮袋,但机长必须持有委托国的官方证明文件(注明邮袋件数)。由商业飞机机长转递或者托运的外交邮袋,应当由使馆派使馆人员办理接交、提取或者发运手续。
第九条 使馆的行政技术人员和服务人员,如非中国公民或者在中国的永久居留者,携运进境自用物品,包括到任后半年内运进安家物品,应当书面向海关申报。上述物品经海关审核在直接需用数量范围内(其中汽车每户限一辆)的,海关予以查验免税放行。申报携运出境的自用物品,海关予以审核查验放行。前款所述人员寄进或者寄出的个人自用物品,海关按照个人邮递物品的有关规定办理。本条第一款所述人员任职期间托运进境的自用物品,海关比照本条第二款办理。
第十条 联合国及其专门机构和其他国际组织驻中国代表机构运进运出公务用品和邮袋,代表机构的代表、行政技术人员、服务人员和与其共同生活的配偶及未成年子女运进运出自用物品,海关根据中国已加入的有关国际公约和中国与有关国际组织签订的协议办理;遇有公约和协议未涉及的情况,参照本规定有关条款办理。
第十一条 外国驻中国领事馆运进运出公务用品和领事邮袋,领事官员、领馆工作人员和与其共同生活的配偶及未成年子女运进运出自用物品,海关根据中国已加入的有关国际公约和中国与有关国家签订的协议办理;遇有公约和协议未涉及的情况,根据互惠的原则,参照本规定有关条款办理。
第十二条 本规定自发布之日起施行。(附英文)

PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OFARTICLES BY FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND THEIR PERSONNEL IN CHINA

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE GENERAL CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OF
ARTICLES BY FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS AND THEIR PERSONNEL IN CHINA
(Approved by the State Council on October 31, 1986 and promulgated
by the General Customs Administration on December 1, 1986)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in accordance with Regulations of the
People's Republic of China Concerning Diplomatic Privileges and
Immunities.
Article 2
Cases concerning the import and export of articles for official use by a
foreign diplomatic mission in China (hereinafter referred to as "the
mission"), or the import and export of articles for personal use by the
personnel of a foreign diplomatic mission, shall comply with these
Provisions, unless a bilateral agreement, which shall be complied with
instead, exists.
In the preceding paragraph, "articles for official use" refers to articles
directly needed by a foreign mission in the performance of its functions,
which include furniture, decorative articles, office equipment, supplies
for reception of guests, and motor vehicles; "articles for personal use"
refers to articles directly needed for daily use, during their stay in
China, by mission personnel and their spouses and minor children living
with them, which include furniture, household electrical appliances, and
motor vehicles.
Article 3
The import and export of articles for official use by the mission, and the
import and export of articles for personal use by diplomatic agents
through consignment shipping or by post, shall all be declared to the
Customs.
Diplomatic agents entering or leaving the country shall declare orally to
the Customs their accompanied personal effects, or their personal luggage
transported separately in the same vehicle of transport, and the Customs
shall give clearance without inspection. In case there are serious
grounds for presuming that the luggage contains articles not for official
use or articles not for personal use, or the luggage contains articles
forbidden to be brought into or out of the country by the Chinese laws and
regulations, the Customs shall have the right to inspect the luggage. Such
inspection shall be conducted only in the presence of the diplomatic agent
concerned, or of his authorized representative.
Article 4
Articles for official use declared for import by the mission, or articles
for personal use declared for import by a diplomatic agent, shall be
exempt from Customs duties after they have been examined by the Customs
and found to be within the reasonable quantities for direct use.
Articles for official use and for personal use, declared at the Customs
for export, shall be given clearance after being examined and verified by
the Customs.
Article 5
The mission and its personnel may not carry into or out of the country
articles whose import and export are forbidden by the laws and regulations
of the People's Republic of China. If the aforesaid articles need to be
imported or exported for special reasons, a prior permission must be
obtained from the authorities concerned of the Chinese Government, and the
matter shall be handled in accordance with the pertinent provisions
prescribed by the Chinese government.
For the import of radio transmitters and receivers with their accessories,
a written application must be submitted in advance to the Chinese Ministry
of Foreign Affairs for approval. The mission and its personnel shall
declare at the Customs and present the relevant approval documents, and
the Customs shall give clearance after examination and verification.
To take cultural relics out of the country, a declaration must be made in
advance with the Customs; and the relics shall be appraised by the
cultural and administrative departments of the provinces, autonomous
regions, or municipalities directly under the Central Government, as
designated by the State cultural and administrative department, and an
export certificate shall be issued. The mission and its personnel shall
present the relevant certification to the Customs, and the Customs shall
give clearance after examination and verification.
The carrying into or out of China of firearms and ammunition shall be
handled in accordance with the provisions of Measures of the People's
Republic of China for the Control of Firearms.
The import or export of articles that is controlled by China's quarantine
laws and regulations shall be handled by the Customs in accordance with
the pertinent laws and regulations.
Article 6
In the case where the articles, declared by the mission and its personnel,
belong to the categories of articles forbidden by China's laws and
regulations to be imported or exported, these articles, unless their
import or export has been approved by China's competent authorities, shall
be detained by the Customs; the detained articles shall be withdrawn from
import or export by the mission or its mission personnel concerned within
90 days. If these articles are not withdrawn within the said time limit,
they shall be appraised at the current rate and turned over by the Customs
to the State treasury.
Article 7
Articles imported duty-free by the mission and its personnel shall not be
transferred. Should the aforesaid articles need to be transferred for a
special reason, permission must be obtained from the Customs.
With respect to articles transferred with permission, the transferee or
the transferor shall go through the procedures with the Customs, in
accordance with pertinent provisions, for the payment of or the exemption
from duties.
Article 8
Diplomatic bags delivered by or sent to the mission shall be given
clearance without inspection by the Customs. Diplomatic bags shall be
sealed with an identifiable external mark; such bags may contain
diplomatic papers and articles for official use only. Diplomatic couriers
shall be provided with courier certificates issued by the competent
authorities of the despatching country when they carry diplomatic bags.
The captain of a commercial aircraft may be entrusted to carry diplomatic
bags. He shall be provided with an official certifying document issued by
the consigner state, indicating the number of packages. With respect to
the diplomatic bags delivered by, or through consignment transport by the
captain of a commercial aircraft, the mission concerned shall send its
personnel to go through the procedures for the handling over, taking
possession of or delivery of the said diplomatic bags.
Article 9
The members of administrative, technical or service staff of the mission
who are not Chinese citizens, or persons permanently resident in China,
shall submit a written declaration to the Customs when they bring into the
country personal effects, including articles intended for their
establishment imported within 6 months of the time of their installation
in China. Where the aforesaid articles are within reasonable quantities
for direct use (as for cars, one for each household), the Customs shall
give clearance duty-free after examination and verification.
In case personal effects are sent into or out of the country by post by
the personnel mentioned in the preceding paragraph; the Customs shall
handle the case in accordance with the provisions concerning the personal
articles sent by post.
In case personal effects are brought into the country by consignment
shipping by the personnel mentioned in the first paragraph of this Article
during their term of office, the Customs shall handle the case by applying
mutatis mutandis the second paragraph of this Article.
Article 10
In case articles or pouches for official use are brought into or out of
the country by the representative offices of the United Nations or its
specialized agencies, or of other international organizations, in China,
as well as articles for personal use which are brought into or out of the
country by the representatives, the members of the administrative,
technical or service staff of the said representative offices and their
spouses and minor children living with them, the Customs shall handle them
in accordance with the relevant international conventions to which China
is a party, and also with the agreements signed between China and the
international organizations concerned; for cases which are not regulated
by the aforesaid conventions or agreements, the Customs shall handle them
with reference to relevant articles of these Provisions.
Article 11
In case articles for official use and consular bags are brought into or
out of the country by foreign consular posts in China, and articles for
personal use brought into or out of the country by consular officers,
other members of the consular posts, or their spouses and minor children
living with them, the Customs shall handle them in accordance with the
relevant international conventions to which China is a party, and also
with the agreements signed between China and the countries concerned; for
the cases which are not regulated by the aforesaid conventions or
agreements, the Customs shall handle them in accordance with the principle
of reciprocity and with reference to the relevant Articles of these
Provisions.
Article 12
These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.



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